SEQUENCIAMENTO DE DNA: MÉTODOS E APLICAÇÕES

Abstract

The DNA sequencing is a procedure which involves a series of complex biochemical methods which aims to determine the order in which the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), thymine (T) and Guanine (G), are arranged in the genetic material of organisms. There are several methods available and one of the most used is the "dideoxy method" of "chain terminators" or "Sanger" whose inventor was Frederick Sanger in the 70s. From 2005, as pyrosequencing, developed by Mostafa Ronaghi and PÃ¥l Nyhren came the technology of next generation sequencing (NGS) that have evolved rapidly. The system 454 was the first NGS platform to be commercialized. The Solexa platform has as innovation in vitro cloning of fragments into a solid glass platform. In the SOLiD system, unlike all other cases, the reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme DNA ligase, and DNA polymerase not. Another method, published in 2012, uses sensors on microchips, created by Ion Torrent to detect this chemical signature. Oxford Nanopore Technologies also presented this year, in which a microchip incorporated a pore in a membrane protein synthetic polymer. In all the processes used, the ultimate goal of the DNA sequencing is the reading and identification of the exact order in which they are the nitrogenous bases, which determines each gene. Index Terms - DNA sequencing, NGS, pyrosequencing, platforms, genetic material.